130 years ago, on January 1, 1886 (the Guangxu Emperor on November 27, 11), the United Kingdom announced the annexation of Upper Burma, will be transferred to India Governor, perished in Myanmar, so it can be said on the first day of each year is actually subscribe to the anniversary in Myanmar.
When, in United Kingdom troops Myanmar North Qian, China on has through variety way to United Kingdom said hope mediation British Myanmar both of contradictions, British party announced implemented annexation Hou, more is times negotiations to save Myanmar, but after near a years of efforts still no work, eventually in July 24, 1886, both signed in the British Conference Myanmar Treaty, to Treaty of form recognized has United Kingdom in Myanmar of ruled.
With the occasion of the light, modern history or school textbooks are to be expressed as "border crisis" period. Border areas, is relative to the Center or central plain speaking, practical use and definition is not clear, often both inside and outside State boundaries can be defined as the frontier.
Of course, more differentiated, border crisis and precipitated two meanings, specific to the late Qing dynasty, one for the "territoriality", that is, within the borders of the place; a "vassal state", that is, outside, as vassal tributary system.
The same day, Yunnan, Xinjiang, separatist forces colluding with foreign forces, entrenched regional crisis is caused by the former, while Britain, France, Russia, Japan and other countries eyeing Myanmar, Viet Nam, the crisis caused by North Korea, Okinawa and belongs to the latter.
Border crisis diagrams in textbooks.
By contrast, territoriality crisis resolved smoothly, but identity is often powerless to deal with the crisis. Guangxu decade in particular, North Korea's Mun, Jia Shen two mutinies, the Sino-French war and United Kingdom annexed Burma followed, as vassals of the territory originally lost, only North Korea, also planted the seeds of the Sino-Japanese war.
Crisis means and powers, Zeng JI-Ze's understanding is clear, he said in a letter to Li: "Western powers, are designed to usurp Chinese territories are" the pretext is often "Chinese origin" is not "true identity".
China doesn't really interfere with vassal state domestic and Foreign Affairs, and Tibet, Mongolia minority areas, such as management and a more relaxed, loose autonomy policy has become the pretext of Westerners, the great powers always used "referred to territories as vassal state", and "complex that territories are not true vassals" trick.
Identity crisis of the early years of the reign, settlement patterns also varied, in North Korea, the Qing army was invited to suppress the mutiny, and contributing towards, day of reconciliation which Viet Nam, in the fight, eventually signing admitted by Viet Nam; in Myanmar, has been trisected, purely diplomatic efforts.
On that day, in Chinese, English, between the Myanmar situation is as follows: first, after two Anglo-Burmese War, the British captured lower Burma, and direct trade, shipping and other privileges.
After the Sino-French war, Viet Nam became France colony, which makes the United Kingdom greatly strained, considered France's forces will take advantage of access to the border region and the annexation of Myanmar. This is a modern great powers, the usual "insecurity" work again, the logic is, is adjacent to or threatened, so well-regarded b, the cycle repeats itself. Britain, France, Russia, Japan and the United States are to progress, make its vast colonial empires or spheres.
Due to hear Myanmar court ready United France, balance United Kingdom news, this "insecurity" more strongly. The fall of 1885, United Kingdom "teak" unfair treatment in the name of, began to prepare for war.
Secondly, Sino-Burmese relations during the reign of war, return to the tributary of the old ways, no matter what the awareness on this bias, every ten years by the Myanmar Envoy to Beijing to exchange a gift should not be a problem. Myanmar last tribute in the first year of Emperor Guangxu, Gong make also specialty of Myanmar's elephants, logically around 11 should also be sent a tribute, but after the outbreak of the third Anglo-Burmese War, no one cares about ten years a tribute thing.
Finally, the coexistence of struggle of diplomatic relations and cooperation between China and Britain, both United Kingdom helping China to build ironclads, also in foreign drug (opium), on such issues as Tibet travel bickering. TPP has negotiated trade rules new era
Burma teak, the summer of 1885, Myanmar to United Kingdom companies smuggled teak, for its fine of 2.3 million India rupees, is the fuse for the war, the third Anglo-Burmese War also teak murder caused by.
Qing Kai war between first learned that the Burmese news, from the Minister to Britain Zeng Jize. Tseng Chi-Tse reminded the Qing dynasty Guangxu decade, United Kingdom coveted North Myanmar, long meter, can extend the edge to the eight scenes (also known as the new Street, BA raised, that is now of bhamo in Kachin).
Guangxu Emperor on September 14, 11 (October 21, 1885), he sent back to the United Kingdom will take northern Burma alert, again you can take the occasion of the British soldiers did not move, "to the words of eight scenes" proposal, and said that as long as the premier agreed that the start of negotiations in London.
Soon, Li Hongzhang also learns of the British in India raise an army preparing to attack the situation in Myanmar, playing the alarm. In this regard, the Qing just want more clarity before, try to diplomatically discourage United Kingdom troops, the premier to call Tseng Chi-Tse said the British plan undecided, rashly and talks were to restart its heart. September 21 (October 28), Tseng Chi-TSE reported to the premier British Burma dispute as "teak" and asked whether the negotiations made it clear to Myanmar as a vassal state of China, he suggested there is no need to mention identity layer, because if the negotiation results are not ideal harm national prestige, with strong, the mistakes in the Sino-French war. Two days later, the Department back, said proposed Myanmar as a vassal state of China, in this capacity, China is willing to dispute to mediate Burmese, Myanmar apologized.
The Imperial Qing gong level figure on the images of men and women in Myanmar.
In addition to Tseng Chi-TSE in London outside of formal diplomatic negotiations, the Premier also found the general tax Division British Hurd, private contacts. Light of Hurd's statement, Prince Qing Yikuang, Prince Qing that "better not officially" because official negotiations early would make the problem more difficult to resolve.
Of course, the reason for this may be compared, celebrates the King known as the "reluctant London Chinese Embassy in the UK or Beijing United Kingdom Embassy to do", in fact, is for the former. In the Sino-French war, Li Hongzhang and the premier on mission to the British and French dissatisfaction with Minister Zeng Jize, think he was bewitched by hawks in China, adopted a strong attitude, infuriated the French side, impeding the negotiations, the fear of the Sino-British negotiations in Myanmar, such situation occurs again.
In early October, 6th (November 12), Hurd's reply, informed the United Kingdom's five requirements, in addition to "teak" specific solutions, and United Kingdom Ministers and the Permanent Mission of Myanmar to land the soldiers in Beijing and foreign India terms of damage such as Governor of Burma's internal affairs. However, on the day before Hurd's reply, United Kingdom forces have attacked the third Anglo-Burmese War broke out.
Because the British army is progressing as well as domestic election, British rush into diplomatic progress, Zeng Jize, is not to the British Foreign Ministry's response, while Hurd and Premier of the negotiations without interruption, he agreed that the matter should stave off Tseng Chi-TSE because "like the indomitable patriotic soldiers claim, and there beside him, encouraging gossip."
In the wake of several cable reciprocating, Hurd and United Kingdom diplomacy, India affairs departments to develop a general approach to the Sino-British talks, which guaranteed Burmese tributary relationships in British see it as "Fame", but will ensure that China is no longer interfere other practical matters, and to make concessions on issues such as business.
In mid-October, Zeng Jize until finally the United Kingdom's official response, the British side tributary of a pretended not to know, thanks on the Chinese side is willing to mediate, but do not intend to negotiate, to wait till end of military operations.
Soon, British army occupation Myanmar are, Myanmar Wang xixin robe surrendered message came, mediation has lost meaning, Zeng Jize again asked processing approach, he also to moving tribute Shang fuss, but is not figure "Fame", but to tribute damaged for by, enterprising eight scene, or will to "Rupp too Division special method" (Protest, strongly protest), not recognize British accounted for facts, not on Yunnan business. Department's reply is to keep "Myanmar worship and the tribute as ever" as the first prerequisite, eight scenes in the second.
Zeng Jize, Zeng Guofan, the son of Minister to Britain, has proposed using the date "prew too Division method" is a diplomatic protest.
At this time, Burma in order to save face, tributary relations described as equal exchanges in the country's consistent assertion was seized by the British, began to take this refute origin of said. Tseng Chi-TSE had to ask China, Qianlong awarded Wang Jinyin Burma style, documents such as the code to send London in order to express with English people.
Is for the clan relationship on both sides when you argue, United Kingdom on the Western new year declared annexed, Zeng Jize immediately protested that "accountability is not about to jump out of Myanmar and China to promise". Premier also briefed United Kingdom Embassy charge d ' affaires Ou Gene raised "Myanmar cannot be destroyed, King should be renamed, as usual the tribute".
Then, Zeng Jize to this principles and United Kingdom Prime Minister and diplomatic Minister Salisbury Marquis deliberations, December early 9th (January 13, 1886), Zeng Jize call Department said, yesterday after strive to, and Salisbury reached consistent, "allowed another State King, discipline regardless of political, still contribution China", if agreed this a practices, can on border and business expand specific negotiations, he of mean is, territories works Shang as towards develop, trade matters can slightly backwards. Negotiate the turn, also very happy, indicating Tseng Chi-TSE, another Burmese King candidates must consult with China, Burma, China which do not ask.
United Kingdom Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary, Lord Salisbury, his fall had an impact on the Sino-British talks.
Myanmar details of Sino-British negotiations, United Kingdom domestic political changes, Salisbury's Cabinet since Ireland problem to resign. (Tseng Chi-TSE may not know which joints, his report said "British Government, now on the British equal connection to retire." ）
Negotiations have been going to Myanmar also set up a King of the discipline and China allowed the usual tribute, and Lu Jiang (Salween) East of all of China, but due to the changes in the Cabinet, the British ceased all discussions. Soon, Cabinet gelansidun of the Liberal Party came to power, luosiboli Earl Grey as Foreign Secretary, overall overthrew his predecessor and Tseng Chi-TSE of the outcome of the talks.
Of course, United Kingdom policy changes, and not in the Cabinet change, largely because of India Governor does not agree with another King of Burma, insist on full annexation. Britain's new requirements are very demanding, not only does not agree to Wang Cungong, also refused to eight scenes to China, tributary of only two alternatives: every ten years the Qing emperor and the King or Governor of the Yunnan and Myanmar officials exchange gifts.
After Salisbury United Kingdom Prime Minister is gelansidun, this is the picture taken with visiting lihongzhangzhi after he retired in 1896.
The British side changed their mind, China's approach on how to continue the negotiations there has been an internal differences, Tseng Chi-TSE and the premier at the end of the 12-year can be found in the cable between the in February or March, arguments mainly has two.
First details on Zeng Jize do not agree until negotiations on the status of Myanmar business and community service, the starting point in recognition of United Kingdom annexed in Exchange for tangible benefits; meaning is the boundary to early details of the Department determines, Myanmar issue, regardless of the future is not loss of territory.
On the second approach, Tseng Chi-TSE more pragmatic, the fact that he thought he could recognizes the British and Burmese, tribute or gift for concessions, but to get real benefits in community and business; the Department's response is not, insisted on keeping the tributary relationship, February 13 (March 18) that a telegram to Myanmar reflects the Court's basic attitudes:
Burmese reconstruction, disaster originates from, started the Burma himself to blame, the British. On the external front and Zeng Jize China and Britain to save Burmese King section, does not agree well with the Chinese word meaning small, and Sea States nor self-attracted. Is a result of external changes suddenly flip over, and accidents. Chinese care about eternal State, Gong Gong and not insignificant. Tseng Chi-TSE to debate details rely on Germany, relies on the ways of the force and responsibility starts benefit non-to see how to answer, shall be heard.
Of course destroy the British Chinese "do not destroy", "relies on the German," the truth is ignored, their strategy is simple, that is, "not to reason, but not acceptable."
Negotiations deadlocked, the original term is full as early as the home of Zeng Jize can do nothing about it, and gradually the focus of negotiations back home, between the Hurd and Premier, Li, Ou Gene.
At this point, the United Kingdom under the Treaty of Yantai sent into Tibet mission requirements, has aroused strong opposition in Tibet, the Qing Government had to make a choice between possessions and vassal state, on June 23 (July 24) Prince of youqing Yikuang, Prince Qing signed with Ou Gene was the meeting of the Sino-British Treaty of Myanmar. Treaty five, recognizing the United Kingdom annexed Burma, tributary to Burma of Jincheng local officials, business, then later, in Exchange for stopping the British into Tibet.
Prince Qing Yikuang, Prince Qing, we walk for more than 10 years, on behalf of the Qing court signed a treaty.
Plenary, the second year of the Guangxu reign of the Sino-British talks in Myanmar, but China's borderland identity crisis link, at this time, the Sino-French war had just ended, and law in Viet Nam border, Japan on North Korean negotiations underway, between the British and the foreign drugs, entangled in the problems of Tibet. China's apparent inability to vassals and then a world war and the great powers, Zeng Jize even considered hardliners are worried "the strong support and go the way of the track", so on the Myanmar issue can only be discussed at the negotiating table, this is the tone of diplomatic negotiations.
In the negotiations, and Tseng Chi-TSE and represented by the Department of the Court, all vary in behavior and comments.
Years of career as a Minister, already familiar with Zeng Jize Western diplomatic protest ("Proteus too Division law"), eight concession and so on, are able to see the law of skillful in the chest. Negotiations were more inclined to accept a fait accompli, more profitable way, small tributary, and Word of righteousness, he is chips can be put on the negotiating table, to get really good.
However, the Qing Government's attitude is not the case, but insist save worship tribute refused to relax. This attitude on the Court, often dying of purgatory on the today in order to pay tribute and decent as our sovereign State, loss of benefits, and even war, really stupid.
In fact, the situation is not so simple, and requires detailed analysis. In China's moving tribute, and not profitable, this monarch can quite understand, Okinawa made by Li Hongzhang had "not even not Gong, nor on the weight of countries", Myanmar as well, ten-year tribute, some elephants, is really irrelevant.
But as with attitudes to Myanmar, the Qing court on the Okinawa issue is going to always save worship that even Japan proposed North South China daily, divide and conquer Okinawa's proposal, China could receive an additional benefit of island, still not agreed, require preservation of Ryukyu King status. Of course, the problem also involves the prevention of the Ryukyus Japan so long concerns of Wang Chu, a somewhat different with Burma.
Sino-British negotiations in Myanmar, the Chinese side insisted on tribute, seemingly in order to save face, actually adhere to the principle of maintaining diplomatic tradition, the two representations is not against the interests of third States, Burmese dispute cannot affect the Burmese tributary to China.
Stress tribute issue, essentially to preserve Myanmar's national status, because the body is the national tribute, rather than the British India province. Save Burma's national status, because the principle of non-interference in the territories, nor benefit to China. In this regard, the message has been very clear on February 13, even not Gong matter, China is "do not destroy".
This did not care about their own interests, while trying to save others, and both in the rampant colonialism that day, and today, is not only correct, but can be said to be respected. During the reign, China experienced Shen Yishu, outside the full frontier context of crisis, more people with respect.
"Do not destroy", from spring's sense of honor "life continues" tradition, from the Confucian justice to insist – relies on the German does not rely on traditional, for shaping of tributary system and long-term dealings with foreign infiltration of the practice.
Because life continues to be sure of the Duke.
On Myanmar, to other countries as well, Jia Shen, the Sino-Japanese war second battle, spared no expense in China, decided to send troops, the force guarding the responsibility of Germany and not unconscionable.
Today, someone will be confused with French, Japanese aggression is as unwise, despite domestic mergers on the question that, but not the mainstream, it can be predicted if two winning the battle, will withdraw troops return home, maintaining the old State, not law, Japan swallowed matter.
Some see it as a no cattle, is no virtue, predecessors, the depositary State and justice spending, such as wrath of barbarians in the marketplace every man on the street.
Certainly maintenance justice, needed to strength for Foundation, also cannot completely not told national interests, (to Myanmar thing and on the, both Zeng Jize of seek real Lee, and has last territorial vassals weigh Xia of compromise) but also not Lee Word pledge, single told "will has to Lee my country", or not only completely a Deputy villain faces, and will lust, to this take defeated.
As for today, justice, strength, how to balance the three stakeholders is required painstaking planning of foreign workers there.
Elephants in Myanmar, could imagine it looks in Wei Qing instrument.
Dynasties, Beijing Xuanwumen has room to Xianfeng, rebellion in Yunnan, as not only the Poles after the calm Burma tribute elephants again. But before the nation of Myanmar for over a year, "like crazy, throwing Yulu broken in the air, then escaped the West Chang an, were broken, people hurt, ... ... Like no longer into battle, and shot one after another ", hence no ceremonial use as the capital. Do not wonder if the elephants from Myanmar to the country's crisis, hurt and mad, good money.
"Yinghuan new Tan" is a Chinese-foreign exchange history column, aimed at Luo digging, in all its dimensions and surfaces, interpreting old documents, to inspire a new diplomacy. Broadcast every weekend.
